Although various factors contribute to the formation of kidney and bladder stones in dogs (diets high in grain and vegetables produce alkaline urine, which allows certain stones to form), most stones are formed by increased concentrations of mineral salts in the urine. This can be a result of dehydration, so free access to water and frequent opportunities to urinate are an important step in prevention.
In general female animals of all species are more susceptible to urinary tract infections and subsequent stones due to their shorter urethra. However, specific breeds of dogs are more susceptible to different stone compositions, which require different approaches to both prevention and treatment. Schnauzers and dachshunds seem particularly susceptible to struvite stones, which can often be treated with low-protein diets that encourage the stones to dissolve. Stones can also be treated by administering a drug. If other options fail, they will have to be removed surgically. With dogs prone to bacterial urinary tract infections, a bi-annual check also helps in preventing the formation of stones.
Calcium oxalate stones are harder to prevent, and must be removed surgically. They are much more common in male dogs (75%) and in breeds like Yorkshire terriers, poodles, shih tzus, schnauzers, lhasa apsos and bichon frises. Finally, Dalmatians have a propensity for forming urate stones, particularly in older, male dogs. These stones are also found in Yorkshire terriers and English bulldogs.
Stones should be sent to a laboratory for analysis. All stones are less likely to form if your pet has free access to water and frequent opportunities to urinate. Stones are less likely in dilute urine. Adding water that your pet consumes will increase the amount of water it drinks and prevent stone formation.
